Building preliminaries checklist: Everything You Need to Know

Everything You Need to Know

Introduction

Companies using the United Kingdom’s National Building Specification for construction will deal with preliminaries. Similar to the U.S. Master Format General Requirements and General Conditions sections, construction contract preliminaries are costs for the entire project and not for specific activities or work sections.

Chapter 1

What Are Preliminaries in Construction?

Since construction preliminaries costs impact the entire project, you will find they cover a wide range of materials, equipment, and labor. The preliminary might refer to a one-time cost or to an ongoing cost at the project’s start and continuing to its end.

Owners and contractors may wish to account for preliminaries in their contracts because they are often expensive and difficult to apportion across all the project activities. While the owner might specify the items that qualify as preliminaries, it is up to the contractor to claim the amounts required for each item. The contractor is in the best position to estimate these costs.

Chapter 2

Construction Preliminaries: List of Examples

A construction preliminaries list is often extensive and includes costs for items within every aspect of a project. However, there are some common items that are almost always included.

Management and Administrative Costs

These costs include payments to project managers, superintendents, and project stakeholders. Their work is on behalf of the entire project and not just on certain portions. Including those costs in the preliminaries improves transparency for the owner and makes it easier for the contractor to accurately account for the costs.

Planning and Design Costs

All construction projects require the contractor to plan the work and create and maintain schedules. It’s impossible to assign this activity to just one work section. The contractor also has added costs for the regular reporting on the schedule progress that owners require. As more contracts become collaborative, more contractors are taking on design work to put their expertise in methods and materials to good use. This design work often expands across work sections.

Site-Based Services

From access roads to erosion control, construction projects always have elements that improve the site so construction can occur more efficiently and orderly. Projects also have environmental requirements to comply with local and national regulations. Sometimes, construction will impact adjacent structures and neighbors, and so the contractor must account for costs in mitigating damage or annoyance. Therefore, preliminaries in construction also cover these costs.

Mockups, Testing, and Sampling Costs

Designers and owners often require contractors to supply mockups, showing how finished portions of the project will look once completed. These mockups might be full size, miniature, or virtual. Many items in construction must get tested prior to ensure they are fit for the use. Slump testing concrete and randomly sampling moisture content of lumber are two examples.

Chapter 3

Construction Preliminaries Template

When specifying preliminaries, contracts will often use the NBS numbering system. They might also resort to an ad hoc numbering system and text to fit the situation. A typical construction preliminaries template will include preliminaries for these aspects of a contract. 

• 00-05-10 Project Definition 
• 00-05-15 Works Terminology
• 00-05-20 Project Participants 
• 00-05-70 Project Location
• 00-10-70 Works Contract 
• 00-30-70 Works Contract Procurement
• 00-40-70 Works Contract Establishment
• 00-50-70 Works Contract Management
• 00-60-70 Works Contract Verification 
• 00-70-70 Works Contract Administration 
• 00-80-70 Works Contract Completion

Chapter 4

Construction Contract Preliminaries vs. Preambles

The construction preliminaries breakdown and the work sections (work breakdown structure, activities, and tasks) should fully describe all that’s required to complete the project.

The preamble names the parties to the contract. It explains the standard for the final product, summarizes contract negotiations, explains the tendering procedures, tells the project’s objectives, and lists the other documents that make up the total contract. Preliminaries and preambles serve two separate functions of the contract. ​​​

Chapter 5

Conclusion

Contractors must be cautious and account for all preliminaries in construction contracts. Overlooking them and their costs can quickly overrun a contractor’s contingency and could lead to disputes. 

Preliminaries in Construction: Everything You Need to Know

Overview

Introduction

Chapter 1

What Are Preliminaries in Construction?

Chapter 2

Construction Preliminaries: List of Examples

Chapter 3

Construction Preliminaries Template

Chapter 4

Construction Contract Preliminaries vs. Preambles

Chapter 5

Conclusion

Builder’s Preliminaries and Site Costs – Cost Planner

A building site is a temporary outside factory… producing a million dollar, or more, prototype… so the cost of setting it up and running it is often bigger than the cost of any other single trade.

A cost plan report or a Builder’s quote will always include a section or trade called “Preliminaries”… or something similar. This, I reckon, is the most important part of the cost plan or quote.

And, on most projects the builder’s preliminaries, supervision and site costs are one of the most expensive parts. For example : on a 2 storey new commercial project the Builders tendered preliminaries were over $390,000, and that was nearly 13% of the construction cost – plus profit was extra!

So what are they and why do they cost so much?

Setting up a building site for 6 or 12 months, or more, is like setting up a new factory or workplace outside and in the weather (after, all, it is a temporary factory that produces a building) that has to perform, produce and be safe… and then shutting it down and walking away.

All projects have this cost and some sites & projects are more expensive to set up, run and manage than others – for example a multi-level CBD project on a tight & tricky site will be more expensive to run than a single storey house on an outer suburban open greenfield site.

And so, the costs of building a building are not solely related to the amount of bricks & mortar alone.  In other words, you will pay for more than just the things that get nailed down and that you get to keep.

To get the job done, a builder must allow for the cost of setting up a safe, effective and workable building site.  They must run, organize, manage and supervise it.

As well as that there are other essential costs off the building site. There is all the office paperwork, the cheque writing (or electronic funds transfers), finance costs, photocopying, letter writing, plan printing, contracts, administration, permits, insurances, computers, cars and so on.

Typical Preliminaries Items

Here is a list of items typically included in Preliminaries when pricing a project.

Establishment of the site (Getting the site up and running… and then shutting it down)

• Site survey,
• Set out of the works,
• Connections of temporary power, water, telephone,
• Toilets, etc. , sheds, offices, stores, other amenities,
• Security, access & safety rails, anchors & edge protection, tarps, hoardings, covered ways, dust screens, fences, guard rails, gantries, & the like,
• Scaffold, lifts and cranes, supports, hoists, platforms, plant and equipment,
• Roads, paths, tracks, footways,
• Dilapidation surveys, photos, records,
• Signboard, noticeboard,
• Soil tests,
• Authority charges,
• Setup & de-mobilisation, etc.

Insurances, permits, paperwork, etc.

• Obtaining and maintaining insurances, permits, fees, contracts
• Inspections, tests, notices
• Bank guarantee

Running costs (Keeping the site going)

• Power & services, water, telephone, tools, deliveries, first aid
• Documents, dilapidation surveys, photos, records, access, crossover, deposits, fees, de-watering, parking, etc.
• Safety equipment, hazard & traffic management, safe-working requirements, health/safety records & analysis, supervision & training, induction, protective clothing; & the like
• Security, protection, tarps
• Scaffold, supports, cranes, lifts, hoists, plant, equipment
• Hoardings, covered ways, dust screens, fences, guard rails, gantries
• Roads, paths, tracks, footways, road crossing
• Protect existing landscaping, structures & surfaces, etc.
• Hire – Amenities and minor sundries, sheds / storage / offices
• Site bins and cleaning
• Client meetings.
• Charts, programs and schedules to show and help maintain progress of trade and Subcontract organisation.
• Consumables

Final clean & handover (Some costs at the end of the job…)

• Final clean – labourer, bins, bobcat, cleaner, disposal
• Documentation, manuals, tests, guarantees, warranties
• Site dis-establishment and clear
• Cleaner
• Labelling, handing over of keys.

Supervision, labourers, etc. (…A very important and expensive cost)

• Site supervisor
• Construction Manager
• OH&S Officer, shop steward
• Site labourers
• Clerk of Works
• Induction and training
• Administration (both, on & off-site)

Overheads and other costs (…The business side of it)

• Attendance & management
• Off-site expenses, administration
• Finance and cashflow,
• Liability for making good defects after practical completion
• Profit and risk.

Note: These items may each be priced as a fixed cost, $-per-hour, $-per-day, $-per-week (e.g. Amenities hire, or on-site supervision labours), area based (eg. building cleaning prior to handover), or based on the project size and cost (i.e. Profit).

In other words – some items may be :

• fixed costs,
• some may be time based or time sensitive,
• some may be area or size or volume based
• some may be location or site sensitive and
• others percentage based

… or a combination of these.

 

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Preliminaries in construction – Designing Buildings

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Preliminaries (or ‘prelims’) may appear in tender documents, providing a description of a project that allows the contractor to assess costs which, whilst they do not form a part of any of the package of works required by the contract, are required by the method and circumstances of the works.

NBS suggest that ‘the purpose of preliminaries is to describe the works as a whole, and to specify general conditions and requirements for their execution, including such things as subcontracting, approvals, testing and completion.’ Preliminaries and work sections together describe what is required to complete the works required by the contract.

The costs attached to preliminaries may also be referred to as ‘preliminaries’ or ‘prelims’, or as ‘site overheads’, or general cost items or expenses. The Code of Estimating Practice published by the Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB) describes preliminaries as:

‘…the cost of administering a project and providing general plant, site staff, facilities, and site based services and other items not included in the rates.’

Preliminaries in tender documents may include:

• A general summary.
• Method statements.
• Pre-construction information.
• A description of any planning conditions or other conditions that may affect the work to be carried out by the contractor.
• A description of any outstanding statutory approvals that may fall to the contractor to satisfy.
• Party wall requirements or other agreements with, or rights of, neighbours (such as rights to light).
• Any emergency services obligations.
• A description of the reporting information that the contractor will be required to submit (often on a monthly basis) describing construction progress (including a detailed critical path programme, key performance indicators and earned value analysis). See Construction progress reports for more information.
• A description of the commissioning strategy, separating setting to work and balancing tasks from independent verification by the consultant team.
• Relevant reports (such as soil reports).
• An information release schedule.
• Quality management procedures.
• Labour relations.
• Schedules of mock-ups, testing and samples required from the contractor.
• The method of sub-contracting.
• Requirements for insurance, performance bonds, warranties and product guarantees (for the contractor and sub-contractors).
• Requirements for the operating and maintenance manual (the client’s facilities management team may wish to comment on this).
• Requirement for progress photos to be taken on site during construction and off-site during fabrication.
• Dates for partial possession.
• Collaborative practices.
• Building information modelling (BIM) requirement and protocols (including requirement for BIM in sub-contracts).
• Site waste management plan.
• Contractor’s site preliminaries, such as; staff, welfare provisions, site offices, plant, site waste clearance, water, electricity, furniture, ICT and consumables, rates, protection of work, protective clothing, site transport, setting out, building control fees, and so on.

NB: Preliminaries should not be confused with ‘preambles’ which set out things such as tendering procedures, that will not affect the contractor’s price. For more information, see Difference between preliminaries and preambles.

According to NRM1: Order of cost estimating and cost planning for capital building work, main contractor’s preliminaries are;

‘…items which cannot be allocated to a specific element, sub-element or component. Main contractor’s preliminaries include the main contractor’s costs associated with management and staff, site establishment, temporary services, security, safety and environmental protection, control and protection, common user mechanical plant, common user temporary works, the maintenance of site records, completion and post-completion requirements, cleaning, fees and charges, sites services and insurances, bonds, guarantees and warranties. Main contractor’s preliminaries exclude costs associated with subcontractor’s preliminaries, which are to be included in the unit rates applied to building works.’

According to ‘Elemental Standard Form of Cost Analysis, Principles, Instructions, Elements and Definitions, 4th (NRM) Edition’ written by RICS in 2012 and published by BCIS, ‘the cost of preliminaries for the building being analysed should be stated and expressed as a percentage of the contract sum excluding preliminaries, contingencies and, where appropriate, contractor’s design fees. ’

NRM1 defines ‘subcontractor’s preliminaries’ as;

‘…preliminaries that relate specifically to building work which is to be carried out by a subcontractor. Costs associated with subcontractor’s preliminaries are to be included in the unit rates applied to sub-elements and individual components.’

• Difference between preliminaries and preambles
• Bill of quantities BOQ
• Profit and overheads on construction projects
• Preamble in construction contracts
• Tender documentation for construction projects
• The difference between a prime cost sum and a provisional sum
• Method statement for construction
• Pre-construction information
• New code of estimating practice
• Provisional sum
• Site clearance.
• NBS
• Overheads
• Form of tender
• Prime cost sum
• Code of estimating practice
• Subcontractor’s preliminaries
• Contingencies in construction
• Invitation to tender for construction contracts

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What are preliminaries in construction contracts?

Most construction companies, project managers, and contractors will deal with preliminaries in their construction contracts. These preliminaries, also called prelims, cover costs for an entire construction project—not for specific work sections or activities.

We’ll define preliminaries in construction, discuss what prelims are, and gain an understanding of what preliminary costs are included in a construction contract.

What do preliminaries in construction mean?

Preliminary costs in construction impact your entire project, and you’ll find that they cover a broad range of equipment, labour, and materials. Prelims can be either one-time costs or ongoing costs that begin at the project’s start and continue to its end.

The easiest way to define preliminaries in construction is as a group of items necessary for a construction company or contractor to complete a project but that won’t become a part of the finished work—site overhead, scaffolding, powering the site, etc.

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Construction companies, contractors, and owners account for preliminaries in their construction contracts because they often make up a significant percentage of the project and can be challenging to allocate across a project’s various activities.

Even though the owner might state which items qualify as prelims, it’s the contractor’s responsibility to claim the amounts for each of those items—they’re in the best position to estimate preliminary costs.

What are prelims?

We can break down a typical preliminary pricing document into three sections:

1. The costs involved in site establishment, including access permits, land take, site accommodations like welfare facilities, etc.
2. Running costs, including heating, lighting, power, etc.
3. Costs required to hand over or shut down the contract, including demobilising site offices, health and safety files, etc.

There are also preliminary costs that you can’t easily assign to a work section that you can still typically include in the prelims. For example:

• Provisional sums
• A general allowance for risk
• Site security
• The costs of design work
• Utility supplies

What are preliminary percentages in construction?

Preliminary costs can apply to any project of any size. In some cases, especially for relatively small jobs, it’s generally acceptable to include prelims as a percentage of the overall project cost rather than pricing each item separately. These percentages vary drastically based on location, the project’s scope, etc., starting as low as around 5% to over 15%.

Further read: How to Go Digital with Your QHSE

What do preliminaries in construction include?

The list of preliminaries in construction is an extensive one and can include costs related to every aspect of your project. There are, however, many common items that you can find in the preliminaries section of any construction contract.

Planning and design costs

Every construction project requires planning the work and creating and maintaining schedules, and it’s not possible to assign all of these prelim costs to just one work section. You also have to consider the added costs for reporting on the schedule progress as required by the owner.

With more contracts becoming collaborative, contractors are taking on more and more design work to put their material and methods expertise to use. All of this design work can expand across multiple work sections when determining preliminary costs.

Mockup, testing, and sampling costs

Construction companies and owners often need various contractors to supply mockups to see how portions of a project will look once they’re completed. The costs of those mockups, whether physical or virtual, can be included as prelims.

You can also include other processes, like slump testing and moisture sampling, as preliminaries since you have to test many materials to ensure they’re fit for use for your project.

Site-based services

Every construction project has elements to improve site efficiency, like creating access roads and controlling erosion. These projects also have environmental responsibilities to comply with relevant regulations.

In addition, your construction project might impact adjacent structures and their neighbours, meaning that contractors need to account for costs that mitigate damage and disturbances. Preliminaries in construction cover all of these site-based costs.

Management and administrative costs

These prelim costs include paying people who work on behalf of the whole project and not on just specific portions, like project managers and stakeholders.

You should include these costs as preliminaries in your construction contract for two reasons: It offers transparency to the owner and allows contractors to accurately account for the management and administrative costs.

Keep up with your preliminaries with LetsBuild

Preliminaries in construction contracts are necessary to deliver a finished project while maintaining your ideal profit margin. Construction companies, contractors, and project managers must account for all prelims in their contracts—overlooking these costs can lead to disputes down the road and overrun your contingencies.

However, construction professionals often end up lost in a sea of information, and it’s easy to overlook simple prelim costs that can add up quickly, resulting in a loss of contingency or profit. With LetsBuild, you can digitalise your processes to track everything on your construction site in real time.

Learn more about how digitising your organisation can improve performance by up to 47% with our free ebook, or schedule your demo of LetsBuild to see how we can help you gain complete control of your construction preliminaries, processes, and more.

 

Preliminaries in Construction – C-Link

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If the direct or permanent construction works’ bill of quantities or work schedule is prepared using the design and specification, then general project ‘overheads’ such as time related elements (e.g. project management and general supervision), plus individual items such as approvals and testing, are included and measured as preliminaries or ‘prelims’.

The prelims pricing document itself is likely to be broken down into three sections:

• Section One: costs involved in site establishment that could include land take, access permits, the erection, and installation of site accommodation including welfare facilities. These are generally priced as per Item.
• Section Two: running costs such as power, heat and lighting, plus rent or on-going hire of offices. These are likely to be priced as per week.
• Section Three: any items required for handover and shutdown of the contract such as health and safety files, handover requirements, demobilisation of the site offices, and returning and land take to its previous state.

The preliminaries may also list items the main contractor is to provide on behalf of the Employer such as client’s offices, site vehicles, PPE etc.

When drafting prelim’s descriptions or headings in a pricing document, they should reflect the contract requirements plus any particular method or phasing of the construction works. It’s good practice to include a statement in the prelims pricing document to the effect of, “The Contractor is also advised to examine the general and detailed drawings carefully in order to ascertain the character of the Works and the manner in which they are to be carried out”.

To assist with definitions the RICS NRM2 states that:

“Main contract preliminaries – are items that cannot be allocated to a specific element, sub-element or component. Main contract preliminaries include the main contractor’s costs associated with management and staff, site establishment, temporary services, security, safety and environmental protection, control and protection, common user mechanical plant, common user temporary works, the maintenance of site records, completion and post-completion requirements, cleaning, fees and charges, sites services and insurances, bonds, guarantees and warranties. Main contractors’ preliminaries exclude costs associated with subcontractors’ or work package contractors’ preliminaries.”

Put this simply, the Code of Estimating Practice, published by the Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB), describes preliminaries as:

“…The cost of administering a project and providing general plant, site staff, facilities, and site-based services and other items not included in the rates. ”

It’s important for a prelims price build-up to distinguish between the costs that a Principal Contractor will incur under their CDM duties, the level of supervision the main contractor will need to provide, and the management of the works by subcontractors. This is important because it ensures that items are not priced for twice and removes ambiguity so that each party is clear on what is expected.

When preparing a pricing document, you should avoid any attempts to quantity the contractor’s prelims as it is for the contractor to determine the level of staffing they require, how long they believe the project will take, and the general profile of resourcing. For example, if the developer states the quantity of a duration that proves to be insufficient, they could be liable for increases in the same way as a measured item quantity. However, a list of headings against which the contractor can prepare their prelims price is industry standard.

What qualifies as a Preliminary Cost?

The RICS describes those items that would qualify as a preliminary item as being:

“For the most part, preliminaries are the cost of administering a project and providing plant, site staff, facilities site-based services, and other items not included in the rates for measured works. ”

The Standard Method of Measurement for building works describes preliminaries sections as those containing items that are not specific to work sections but have an identifiable cost.

Costs that cannot be assigned to a section of works are generally included in the prelims sum. For example, likely inclusions are:

• A general allowance for risk
• The cost for carrying out design works including any temporary works design
• Works to be carried out by statutory undertakers
• Provisional sums
• Site security
• Utility supplies
• Fees and general charges
• Obvious costs for accommodation and staffing

Notwithstanding the above, and if the contract states they are required, any bonds, parent company guarantees, and collateral warranties can be included in the schedule of preliminaries for the contractor to price.

When listing headings against which the contractor can price, it’s good practice to state in the invitation to tender that the contractor must provide a breakdown to the amount inserted in their quotation as this will likely aid tender assessments.

It is common however for tenderers to simply state a percentage against the overall prelims breakdown, which can be frustrating when assessing returns albeit there are recommendations to this approach in some corners. According to ‘Elemental Standard Form of Cost Analysis, Principles, Instructions, Elements and Definitions, 4th (NRM) Edition’ written by RICS in 2012 and published by BCIS, “the cost of preliminaries for the building being analysed should be stated and expressed as a percentage of the contract sum excluding preliminaries, contingencies and, where appropriate, contractor’s design fees.” However, if you are in a position where you have identified a preferred bidder, scrutiny can be applied at this stage to obtain a more appropriate breakdown. Getting this breakdown is important in terms of measuring and assessing valuations.

Principal Contractor Requirement

As a developer there is a legal duty under the Health & Safety at Work Act, the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992, and the Construction Design & Management (CDM) Regulations 2015 to ensure that appropriate and adequate welfare facilities are provided such as washing facilities, drinking water, changing rooms, facilities for rest, and sanitary conveniences.

If you as developer intend to operate on a management contractor basis and operate as the Principal Contractor then, as far as reasonably practical, you are required to provide welfare facilities as set out in Schedule 2 of the CDM Regulations for your own employees plus anyone else working under your control i.e. other works contractors and where applicable subcontractors on or before any construction activities take place.

It is the duty of the Principal Contractor to engage with the other works contractors to ensure that appropriate welfare facilities are provided.

Welfare facilities are likely to be covered in the prelims pricing schedule by the Main Contractor under the NRM2 Appendix C, Template for Preliminaries, Section 1.2.2 Site Establishment.

If the intention is to operate and delegate as a management contractor, the Principal Contractor role this will need to be reflected in the project scope in order that the main contractor can be held responsible for providing the facilities.

Templates Available

Prelim templates are available from various sources and can be amended to suit individual projects. For example, NRM2 provides Templates for preliminaries pricing schedules in Appendices B and C of their guidance document. Appendix B: Template for preliminaries (main contract) pricing schedule and Appendix C: Template for preliminaries (main contract) pricing schedule.

There are other templates available, such as the Standard Highways Method of Measurement, Series 100 ‘Preliminaries’, which also has a guidance document in support of the measurement criteria and a library of item descriptions document.

Notwithstanding these template forms, there is The Common Arrangement of Work Sections (CAWS) that was developed by the Construction Project Information Committee (CPIC) and is an established arrangement for specifications and bills of quantity, with Category A being Preliminaries.

If you are intent on drawing up your own prelims list, think about following the same sort of pre-defined checklist before making it project specific by adding any programme or access constraints for example. Set out the document in a logical fashion and tie in specification particulars where appropriate to avoid ambiguity as the project develops.

Health & Safety and Shared Facilities

Whilst the legal definition of a developer and a Principal Contractor is clear, there are other considerations when preparing the scope in terms of prelims such as access, protection of the works, banksmen, and gatemen. Whilst the works could be phased during construction with different works contractor in each section, does it make sense for each one to provide their own access scaffold for example or would it be better for the management contractor to cover the item?

What types of prelims can I expect subcontractors to take on?

NRM2 defines ‘subcontractor’s preliminaries’ as:

“… preliminaries that relate specifically to building work which is to be carried out by a subcontractor. Costs associated with subcontractor’s preliminaries are to be included in the unit rates applied to sub-elements and individual components. ”

Where, a ‘subcontractor’ is:

“… a contractor who undertakes specific work within the building project; known as specialist, works, trade, work package, and labour only subcontractors.”

Generally, subcontractor prelims such as staffing costs, plus their own overheads and profit, are included in their rates for works items. There may be situations where this is not appropriate, for example if there is an element of subcontract design work required or a specialist item of plant which they may decide to price individually.

If the developer or Principal Contractor is providing the welfare facilities and other obligations in accordance with Schedule 2, subcontractors will not need to allow for these costs. However, they will be expected to allow for specific hand-held plant and equipment plus items such as task lighting either in their rates or as separately identifiable items.

How should subcontractors price prelims?

Subcontractors, depending on the value of the package of works, are likely to allow prelims as a direct percentage add on to the value of their direct works. If the package of works is larger in value then it would make sense to require a more comprehensive approach such as that required by the main contractor.

There are advantages to a percentage approach such as the ease of administration when valuing the works and considering the value of variations. The downside is that if the percentage is high, but the works vary considerably, you could face a disproportionate increase in value.

Conclusion

Preliminaries are necessary costs to deliver the project, but they form no part of the finished works. The prelims description should set out the requirements generally as a whole and not be specific to any type of trade or element of the works. The format should be clear how the management, resources, establishment and general running costs have been calculated individually and how the prelims total has been derived.

As the prelims sum is usually at least 10-15% of the direct works sum, but often higher, the need to shrewdly price prelims becomes important when preparing tender returns. If a contractor can find more efficient ways to deliver the works, for example through concurrent working or more efficient phasing of the, they will be able to reduce their overall programme and produce significant time related savings.

Remember that when preparing the prelims price, if there are costs related to a specific element in the scope, for example a particularly detailed testing regime that is not identified in the pricing schedule, it will be deemed to have been included either in the direct works rates or elsewhere by the developer. Take care to read the entirety of the contract documents before preparing or pricing the prelims.

About Dean Suttling

A member of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, Dean has twenty years of experience in commercial management and quantity surveying, undertaking roles for contractors, clients, and consultants.

Preliminary Works in Construction [PDF]

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Preliminary works refer to all the activities that are involved in a construction site before the actual work commences, such as demolition, site clearance, site survey, soil survey, planning, designing, and cost estimation.

In this article, we briefly discuss all the preliminary works involved in the construction of a project.

Contents:

• 1. Demolition
• 2. Site Clearance
• 3. Site and Soil Survey
• 4. Planning
• 5. Detailed Designing
• 6. Cost Estimation

1. Demolition

The demolition of the building is the process of dismantling or destroying a structure after its life of serviceability by pre-planned and controlled methods. The demolition can also be initiated before a structure is still healthy to serve.

Fig 1: Demolition of a building.

The demolition process is undertaken when a structure is objecting or intervening or lies in the boundaries of a new proposed building. The method of demolition involves four steps, namely:

1. Surveying of buildings for demolition
2. Removal of hazardous materials
3. Method of demolition
4. Safety measures.

2. Site Clearance

The site clearance is the necessary procedure to remove any obstructing elements such as vegetation found at the site to prepare for excavation. The process of site clearance involves the following steps:

1. Grubbing of bushes or trees
2. Removal of topsoil to form the reduced levels.

Fig 2: Clearance of site.

3. Site and Soil Survey

This is an essential preliminary step of the design and construction of a project as the superstructure depends on the substructure. Through this survey, key elements such as the soil condition, surrounding buildings, and accessibility can be defined, and this will allow adequate amount and type of resource and cost of construction to be decided.

• Fig 3: Site Survey
• FIg 4: Soil Survey

As the stability and integrity of a building depends on the soil strength under loading and pressure of the building, soil survey should definitely be carried out before any construction work as the structure is built upon an unknown ground.

The importance of carrying out soil survey is listed below-

1. To determine the suitability of the site for the proposed project.
2. To determine the suitable and economic foundation design.
3. To determine the occurrence and case of changes in subsoil conditions.

4. Planning

Planning is the process of selecting a particular method and the order of work to be adopted for a project from all the possible ways and sequences in which it could be done. It primarily covers the aspects of ‘What to do’ and ‘How to do it.’

The importance of planning the construction of a structure is as follows:

1. Planning helps to minimize the cost by optimum utilization of available resources.
2. Planning reduces irrational approaches, duplication of works, and inter-departmental conflicts.
3. Planning encourages innovation and creativity among the construction managers.
4. Planning imparts competitive strength to the enterprise.

5. Detailed Designing

A detailed design is the complete and precise physical description of all parts of the structure (blueprints) and how they are fit together, which serves as the basis for the construction phase. It also involves the investigation of the stability, strength, and rigidity of the structure to be built, based upon the physical requirements of the building and an understanding of the structural performance, materials, and geometries used.

Fig 5: Designing of a Construction Project.

The detailed design shall provide the drawings and the report to permit reasonably accurate estimates of construction, operating cost, and construction scheduling.

6. Cost Estimation

The cost estimation of a project is the process of forecasting the probable cost for the due fulfillment of the project objectives to the prescribed workmanship covered by specifications for various items of works and to the stipulated schedule. The cost estimation can be carried in different methods by using different tools and techniques of estimation.

The detailed cost estimation of a project comprises of:

1. The direct cost of various items of work
2. Provision for contingencies
3. Direct supervision charges
4. Miscellaneous expenses such as service charges for water supply connection, sanitary arrangements, and electric supply
5. Labour hutments and camps, field office, etc.

Once all the above preliminary works are carried out, the actual process of construction, which involves setting out, excavation, and further activities are executed.

1. What are the preliminary works in the construction of a building?

The preliminary works refer to all the activities that are involved in a construction site before the actual work commences, such as demolition, site clearance, site survey, soil survey, planning, designing, and cost estimation.

2. What is the importance of preliminary works in construction?

The preliminary works play an essential role in the successful execution and completion of a project. The preliminary work includes planning, scheduling, budgeting, value engineering, and quality decisions are made that will have a significant impact on construction and the final cost of the project.

Read More:
1. Lean Construction Technique: Why it Matters
2. 8 Types of Cost Estimates in Construction

20 Construction Site Safety Signs You Should Know 2022

This article lists 20 Construction Site Safety Signs You Should Know, but before that, let’s go over some of the topics we’re learning, a construction site safety checklist, construction site safety measures and construction site safety equipment.

One thing about construction is that it affects our environment and can lead to dangerous environmental situations. An unsafe building environment can lead to erosion, soil degradation, and even flooding. You may ask how. Due to the leveling process, construction projects can increase the rate of erosion (land leveling), soil degradation and flooding. Soil and dirt are held in place by the roots of these tiny plants, but once leveled, the ground moves freely.

Buildings and other structures require earth and soil movement for construction. As construction projects dig up the ground and displace natural soil, they cause an environmental disaster. Soil left exposed and unprotected at a construction site can end up in streets, streams and drainage systems. leads to deterioration of water quality.

Contents

Construction Site Safety Checklist

Here are 10 basic safety checklists used by construction companies.

• Job Site Hazard Checklist
• PPE Inspection
• Soil decomposition,
• Electrical cord, plug and tool safety checklist
• Fall Protection Checklist
• Scaffold Safety Checklist
• First Aid Checklist/CPR/AED
• Checklist for hand and power safety tools
• General Stair Safety Checklist
• Hot work and welding test template

1.

Job Site Hazard Checklist

An OSHA inspector may come to your front desk tomorrow. You are ready?

The Job Site Hazard Identification Checklist assists in managing routine inspections, identifying damage and defects, and identifying hazards.

Use this OSHA checklist to inspect equipment, check for workplace hazards, and ensure that personnel follow best practices for operating equipment in the workplace.

Run Worksite Hazard Checklist >

2. Checking PPE

Having PPE is not enough. It must also be up-to-date, functional and capable of protecting personnel in the event of an emergency. To get there, you need to regularly monitor both your PPE risk analysis and your PPE supply.

Use the PPE Inspection Checklist to keep track of OSHA-compliant PPE supplies.

Start Personal Protective Equipment Inspection >

3. Household Inspection

Housekeeping is more important than ever in the age of COVID-19. While low standards are always a risk, new risks lurk in the air and on the ground.

The popular Housekeeping component allows you to formally manage dust, water, staff quarters, maintenance schedules and work area conditions in one place.

Run Cleaning Standards Check >

4. Electrical Cord, Plug, and Tool Safety Checklist

Although electrical shock is one of OSHA’s Big Four construction hazards, it is a risk in any business. You must identify potential hazards associated with electrical equipment and tools, as well as cords and receptacles, in order to comply with OSHA regulations and pass inspections.

Use the electrical cord, plug and tool safety checklist for this.

Run Safety Checklist for Electrical Cords, Plugs and Tools >

5. Fall Protection Checklist

To evaluate your fall protection program, identify suitable fall protection equipment, store and maintain equipment, and deal with with ladders and scaffolding, use the Safesite Fall Protection Checklist.

Run Fall Protection Checklist >

6.

Scaffold Safety Checklist

Working at height involves significant risk, making scaffolding safety the second most popular Safesite checklist after fall protection.

Scaffolding must be carefully inspected before a worker climbs onto the scaffold. To comply with OSHA regulations and ensure that scaffolding is safe before use, complete the Forest Safety Checklist.

Falls from great heights are one of the most common workplace injuries, but they can usually be avoided. To ensure the safety of workers, you must first establish their exposure to fall risk and then select the appropriate fall protection equipment for each situation.

Run Scaffolding Safety Checklist >

7. First Aid / CPR / AED Checklist

According to OSHA, you have first aid kits and emergency equipment. However, you must ensure that your emergency supplies and equipment are in good working order.

Review the Safesite First Aid/CPR/AED Checklist once a month to make sure your first aid kit is up to date and that your AED is working. It also confirms the importance of education and training.

Run the First Aid/CPR/AVD Checklist >

8. Hand and Power Tool Safety Checklist

The Electrical Cords, Plugs and Tools Checklist is a great place to start when it comes to accident prevention using hand and power tools. However, you will need a hand and power tool safety checklist to deal with other potential hazards such as slips, falls, and strains.

Cords, as well as wear, damage and adjustment, are described in the safety checklist for hand and power tools.

Run hand and power tool safety checklist >

9. General ladder safety checklist

Other fall prevention and work at height checklist. General safe Ladder of safety The checklist will guide you through all the criteria and rules associated with the ladder.

Run the General Ladder Security Checklist >

10. Hot Work and Welding Check Template

This template covers all types of hot work including cutting, welding, brazing and soldering. To deal with the risks posed by fumes, gases, hot metal, sparks, and radiant radiation, use inspection.

The Hot Work and Weld Inspection Template contains 14 questions that cover everything from authorization to storage and proper use.

Run Fire and Weld Test Template

Construction site safety precautions

The following are general construction site safety measures that must be followed to ensure the safety of workers and visitors on the construction site to avoid injury, accidents and other health problems:

• Always wear personal protective equipment protection (PPE)
• Be aware of your surroundings and pay attention to signs.
• Give clear instructions
• Keep the site in order
• Properly organize and store tools
• Use appropriate equipment for the job.
• Have an emergency response plan
• Implement protective measures
• Do not endanger yourself or others.
• Never work in unsafe areas
• Report defects and close to errors
• Never tamper with the equipment.
• Perform a preliminary inspection of tools and equipment.
• Report any problems immediately.

1. Always wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

All site personnel and visitors must wear proper PPE to reduce their exposure to potential hazards. Before entering the territory, make sure that you have all the necessary personal protective equipment. PPE is important as it is your last line of defense if you face a hazard at work.

Hi-Visibility helps ensure that you are noticed. Safety boots provide traction and protection for your feet. Helmets can be replaced, but not the head.

If you don’t wear it, it won’t protect you. Put on a hard hat, safety shoes and a reflective vest, as well as any other personal protective equipment necessary for work. Goggles, helmets, gloves, earmuffs or earplugs, boots, reflective vests and suits are all common personal protective equipment.

2. Be aware of your surroundings and pay attention to signs.

Employees and visitors can be alerted and their knowledge of health and safety improved with safety signs. Place them where they are needed throughout the site. Comply with all construction safety signs and procedures.

You must be informed of this during the induction (rule no. 2). Your employer must ensure that your activities are subject to a risk assessment. Make sure you read and understand it. Control steps have been implemented for your protection.

Double check that they are in place and working before you begin. Site safety advice and signs should be recognizable to workers, including prohibition signs, mandatory signs, warning signs, safety signals, and fire fighting equipment signs.

3. Give clear instructions

Each location has its own set of hazards and operating procedures. No two sites are the same. Make sure you understand what’s going on so you can work safely. There must be site induction or commissioning of the contractor on site.

In every construction site where you work, induction is a legal requirement. The importance of your induction cannot be overstated. It instructs you on how to register, where to go, what to do and what to avoid. Get started right now if you don’t have one.

This will allow new personnel to familiarize themselves with the activities of the facility. Tool discussions are also a good way to communicate health and safety recommendations to employees. It is carried out daily or more often before starting work.

4. Maintain order on the site

Construction is a dirty business. Don’t be fooled by the fact that slips and trips don’t seem like much compared to other high-risk operations that take place on site. According to the HSE (30/2016 – 17/2018), slips and trips accounted for 19% of reported serious injuries on construction sites.

To reduce the risk of slips and trips, keep your work area clean during your shift. Pay special attention to places such as entry and exit paths.

Make sure the work area is free of dirt, dust, loose nails, or standing water. To avoid slips and trips, the construction site must be cleaned and kept clean daily.

5. Properly organize and store tools

Make sure there are no tools around and turn off all lights or power tools. Compliance with site rules can help prevent equipment breakdown or injury to workers. It will also be easier to navigate if they are organized in the appropriate places.

6. Use the right equipment for the job.

Misuse of a tool or piece of equipment is a common cause of accidents. Make sure you don’t use improvised tools. Instead, use the appropriate tool to complete the task faster and more safely.

There is no one-size-fits-all solution. Using the right tool for the job will speed up the process and, more importantly, protect you. Before you begin, inspect your equipment to make sure it is in good working order and safe to use.

7. Have an emergency response plan

When natural disasters, fires, hazardous material spills, or other types of incidents occur, an emergency response plan provides staff with guidance on what to do. Create a dedicated team to respond to emergencies, answer questions, and report potential risks, quality issues, or near misses.

8. Implement protective measures

Engineering controls, such as barriers, fences, and guards, are one way to keep a site safe. This will help isolate people from dangerous places, such as places containing high voltage electricity or chemicals that give off toxic odors.

9. Do not endanger yourself or others.

Words are less effective than actions. Especially on construction sites where one wrong step can put you in danger. Set a good example by thinking about safety and doing the right thing at work.

You are solely responsible for your actions. Construction sites are a dangerous environment to work in. Maintain a high level of safety awareness during your shift.

10. Never work in unsafe areas

Make sure your work environment is safe. Keep track of what is happening around you. Be aware of your surroundings. According to HSE Statistics, 14 percent of construction fatalities were caused by something collapsing or tipping over, and 11 percent were caused by a collision with a moving vehicle (2014/15–2018/19).

It is not recommended to work at height without proper guards or other fall protection. Do not enter trenches that are not supported. Make sure you have secure access. Do not work under crane loads or engage in other potentially hazardous activities.

11. Report defects and potential errors

If you notice a problem, don’t lose sight of it; notify your manager immediately. Fill out a slip report, an incident report, or just let your boss know. Use whatever mechanism your site has to report difficulties.

Only after the situation has been brought to the attention of management can immediate action be taken. The sooner problems are fixed, the lower the risk of an accident.

12. Never tamper with the equipment.

If something doesn’t work or seems wrong, follow Rule 7 and report it. If you are not trained or should not do this, do not try to force or change things.

Under no circumstances should guards and scaffold ties be removed. The protective covers of the machine must not be removed. Do not attempt to repair faulty equipment unless you are confident in your abilities. Never tamper with the equipment without prior permission.

13. Conduct a preliminary inspection of tools and equipment.

Before starting work, check that the tools and equipment you will be using are not defective or damaged.

14. Report any problems immediately.

Workers should be trained to report shortcomings and possible oversights as soon as they discover them at work. Only when problems are brought to the attention of management can they be resolved. The sooner problems are found, the less likely they are to get worse and lead to accidents or serious damage.

Construction safety equipment

The provided equipment does not cover all types of safety measures that can be used. Each construction site must be assessed separately to determine what type of safety equipment is required.

Finally, on the construction site, safety must be taken very seriously. Below is a list of construction safety equipment commonly used in the industry.

First and last name	Product photo	Use
1. Protective gloves		To avoid contamination and contamination, we must protect our hands.
2. Hearing protection		Reduce the risk of hearing loss due to excessive volume.
3. Foot protection		Protect your feet from concrete, chemicals, dirt and other potentially harmful substances.
4. Reflective gear		Signals the presence of the user in places and situations that may pose a threat to his health and safety.
5. Protective glass		Protects against dust, mist, smoke, mist, gases, vapors and aerosols that are harmful to the lungs.
6. Respiratory protection.		Protect your lungs from harmful dusts, mists, fumes, mists, gases, vapors and aerosols.
7. Fall protection		Workers are protected from falling and in the event of a fall they are protected from serious injury.
8. Protective clothing		The wearer is protected from injury caused by blunt collisions, electrical hazards, heat and chemicals.
9. Full face shields		Your eyes, like the rest of your face, are protected.
10. Construction helmet		Protect your head from injury from falling objects.
11. Seat belts		To protect workers from injury or death from falls.
12. Fire protection		Used for fire control.
13. Safety net		Thanks to this equipment, workers are protected from falling to the first floor.
14. Fire extinguisher.		It is used to put out fires.
15. Safety cone		Promptly remind pedestrians or motorists to proceed with caution.
16. Warning board		In a hazardous scenario that could result in minor or serious injury, it issues a transfer warning to the operator.
17. Knee pads.		Protect them from impact when they fall to the ground.

20 Site Safety Signs You Should Know

Safety and health regulations (signs and safety signals) apply to all safety signs. We will be able to recognize the following signs if we are familiar with the different types of signs:

• Prohibition signs
• Mandatory signs
• Warning signs
• Safety signs
• Fire fighting equipment signs

So how do you recognize the different types of indicators and what do they mean? Let’s take a look at some examples of each construction site safety sign.

1. Prohibition signs

The prohibition sign is one of the safety signs on a construction site and is the first sign you can recognize, although you can only recognize it as a red danger sign. Such a sign can be found at the entrance to almost every construction site, as a rule, with the inscription “Entrance is prohibited to outsiders.” On a white background, a red circle with a crossbar indicates a ban. Black color is used for all inscriptions.

Examples: Stop, No entry, No smoking.

Meaning: DO NOT. YOU MUST NOT. STOP IT IF YES.

2. Mandatory signs

Mandatory sign is one of the safety signs at the construction site and is the opposite of the prohibition sign, is a mandatory sign. They tell you what you should do, not what you should not do. This type of sign can also be found at construction sites informing you of what you need to do, such as “Hard hats must be worn” or “Do not enter”. A solid blue circle with a white symbol and/or wording is used for mandatory signs.

Examples: Wear hard hats, be sure to wear safety shoes and keep them locked.

Meaning: YOU HAVE TO DO. OBEY.

3. Warning signs

The warning sign is one of the safety signs on the construction site. Warning signs don’t tell you what to do; rather, they serve to alert you to the presence of a danger or dangers. A warning sign with the text “Construction Site Warning” or “Dangerous Construction Site” is the first sign you may notice at a construction site.

A solid yellow triangle (pointing upwards) with a black border appears on warning signs. On yellow, any sign or inscription is also black.

Examples: Deep earthworks, high voltage, asbestos, overhead work

4. Safety signs

The safety sign is one of the safety signs on a construction site, and the safety sign is the opposite of a warning sign. Instead of warning you of danger, they guide you to safety. At a construction site, you may see this type of sign to indicate where the first aid kit is, where the fire exits are, or who to contact. A solid green square or rectangle with a white symbol or symbol and text represents a safe condition sign.

Examples: Fire Exit, First Aid

Meaning: FOLLOW THIS SIGN TO ACHIEVE SAFETY.

5. Fire equipment signs

The fire equipment sign is one of the safety signs at the construction site. Fire equipment signs indicate where fire equipment is located. They are red, but square, so they are easy to distinguish from prohibition signs. This type of sign can be found at fire stations or construction sites where fire extinguishers are located. A solid red rectangle with symbols and/or letters is used on fire equipment signs.

Examples: Fire alarm, hydrant and fire extinguisher.

Some other building safety signs include

• No entry building signs
• Site safety signs
• Building signs
• Signs under construction
• Building signs PPE
• Site office signs
• Men working on signs
• Safety signs for open trenches
• Excavation warning signs
• Safety signs and tags for scaffolding / ladders
• Pavement closed signs
• Crane safety signs
• Welding signs
• Gas bottle signs
• Safety tape

6.

No entry building signs

No entry building sign is one of the safety signs at the construction site. It protects your construction site from injury and theft by restricting access to construction sites.

7. Site safety signs

The construction site safety sign is one of the safety signs at the construction site. It helps make your job site safe and secure, and publishes safety rules and policies.

8. Construction entrance signs

The construction entrance sign is one of the safety signs at the construction site. This ensures that people know they are about to enter a construction area.

9. Signs under construction

The construction in progress sign is one of the safety signs at the construction site. It notifies and alerts workers and visitors about the construction zones of your location.

10 Construction PPE signs

The construction PPE sign is one of the safety signs at a construction site. Personal protection signs are used in construction areas to ensure the safety of workers and visitors.

11 Site office signs

The construction site office sign is one of the safety signs on the construction site. Through this sign, workers and guests are directed to the facility’s offices.

12 Men working on signs

The man working on the sign is one of the safety signs at a construction site to ensure the safety of workers and passing traffic and to identify impending risks.

13 Open trench safety signs

The open trench safety sign is one of the safety signs on the construction site. This helps to avoid falling into an open trench or pit and to make sure that dangerous spots are marked.

14 Excavation warning signs

The excavation warning sign is one of the safety signs at a construction site. This ensures that your workers are aware of any earthworks or equipment at work.

15 Safety signs and tags for scaffolding/stairs

Safety signs and tags for scaffolding/ladders are one of the signs of safety on a construction site. Workers are warned of any missing or harmful scaffolding, as well as any ladder regulations using this sign.

16 Closed sidewalk signs

The closed sidewalk sign is one of the safety signs at the construction site. It ensures the safety of pedestrians by guiding them to a safe crossing if the footpath is closed.

17 Crane safety signs

The crane safety sign is one of the safety signs on the construction site. This sign informs workers of the dangers of operating and working around cranes.

18 Welding signs

The welding sign is one of the safety signs on the construction site. Welding signs to ensure the safety of your personnel when welding.

19 Gas bottle signs

The gas bottle sign is one of the safety signs on the construction site. With cylinder safety signs, you can ensure the safety of everyone in your area with a gas cylinder.

20 Safety tape

Safety tape is one of the signs of safety on the construction site. Barricade tape can be used to protect workers and guests from certain areas.

Conclusion

In construction, we must follow these safety signs at the construction site so that we can see the completion of our work. You can check out some of our security articles. 21 best free online health and safety courses with certificates, 20 traffic signs and their meaning.

20 construction site safety signs you need to know – frequently asked questions

What are safety signs and symbols?

In workplaces, factories and public areas, safety signs and symbols are easily recognizable graphic labels representing basic safety protocols and regulations.

Why are construction sites dangerous?

Some of the construction site hazards include

• Drop
• Slip and stumble.
• Airborne and material exposure.
• Affected incidents.
• Excessive noise.
• Vibration related injuries.
• Injury related to scaffolding.
• Electrical incidents.

There are many other hazards to be found in the workplace. What needs to be done is that we have to check our construction site for potential hazards before we get to work.

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Passionate environmentalist at heart. Lead Content Writer at EnvironmentGo.
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How to quickly report project progress

Jan 21, 2022 • Olga • PlanRadar software • Building software

Every day at a construction site is a new day with a new scope of tasks, and those involved must be aware of what happened. One of the easiest ways to do this is to write a daily project progress report.

Daily progress report – why?

Daily construction progress reports display basic information about all the work for the day, plus problems and unforeseen adjustments in processes, as well as force majeure or accidents.

Each project progress report must be completed accurately and with the utmost care and accuracy to ensure that accurate and objective information is communicated flawlessly in the event of claims, liability issues or legal disputes in the future.

Construction documentation, such as a construction progress report, requires significant administrative work from project managers. It’s no exaggeration to say that managers spend up to 40% of their day reporting, holding meetings, meetings, and keeping track of construction site updates.

Read also: Digital solutions will alleviate the situation with the lack of engineers

Naturally, working in such conditions seems laborious, stressful, but at the same time you have to manage to fill out all the as-built documentation: the facility log, daily reports on the progress of the project, other types reports. This workload and the degree of responsibility for filling out the documentation affects not only the leaders, but the entire team.

Therefore, it is essential to shift the focus of the construction team’s processes on communication and interaction. And this can significantly help digitalization and standardization of workflow.

Also Read: Building Renovation: Digital Help

What a Daily Construction Progress Report Usually Includes work, there is a basic list of items that are most often included in reports.

Report forms with these parameters will facilitate communication between the office and the construction site – everyone will have convenient and standardized reporting.

Here are 10 main items that can be included in the daily progress report:

1. Date of the report itself and when it is sent
2. Weather report
3. Job Site Conditions: Overview of Job Site Conditions
4. Resource Availability: Information about workers, equipment, and materials that may be needed that day.
5. Status on completed work: what exactly was done and the current status of the project.
6. Work Failures or Delays: Any failures or delays that may have affected work that was completed that day.
7. Inventory Checklist: A list of all inventory items, equipment, and upcoming material needs.
8. Risk Overview: any potential risks that could affect future business days.
9. Incident Report: A detailed description of all incidents that may have occurred at the site during the day.
10. Additional comments and notes: any additional comments or notes that may affect the implementation of the project.

Obviously, a construction progress report requires a lot of effort and attention to detail. On the other hand, everything can be done much faster and more efficiently with the right digital tools and strategy.

After all, people, tools and work processes are the main components of the success of any construction project. Organize all three components – and everything will turn out. Where can you start to reorganize your administration work – writing daily reports.

See also: How to keep a site log in PlanRadar

Automate the reporting process with digital tools they are filled after visiting the facility. But this double work takes a lot of useful time: first you need to collect all the facts, manually fixing them on paper or in a digital notebook, and then in the office transfer this information to more stringent reporting in Excel or other Microsoft Office programs.

And not only is time wasted on double work, but it is not possible for the whole team to immediately report the results of their checks, claims, or assigned tasks for detected defects. In the best case, you will inform the foreman or foreman who was at the construction site with you at the same time, you can call the engineer or send a few photos via messenger. But this will not give you any simultaneous notification of the entire team, nor the confidence that all the information you transmit will be understood by everyone equally and without distortion.

In order for everyone to eventually have a single and complete picture of the progress of the work, you will need to return to the office and spend time creating a report, and then sending it to everyone by mail, and then waiting for feedback. This approach, as usual, is accompanied by downtime on the object (until everyone is notified), frequent interruptions, as well as disputes.

And a new “introductory” in our lives – COVID-19 – also determined the importance of using digital tools to more effectively manage construction processes remotely, in real time.

Using the right digital tools and processes, reporting on the latest site updates should take no more than three clicks. All project teams will get the information they need when they need it and make smarter decisions quickly, avoiding reporting delays and saving time.

See also: Construction and construction project automation with PlanRadar

Use mobile solutions for builders

Automating the project progress reporting process is the first step in reducing the administration burden. But this is not enough: the main thing is to use software tailored for construction specifics. It is essential that the digital solution provides a variety of real-time reporting and helps to correlate the main work schedule and planning for 3-6 weeks.

Some might ask, what’s wrong with traditional spreadsheets, Viber and other digital services? Indeed, five years ago, Excel was a real help for many managers. But for the management of a complex project, such as construction, they are not just not enough. On the contrary, they can become a certain obstacle to the successful implementation of the project. Since they do not support the real-time function, they cannot work without the Internet, plus, they were not created for mobile devices, and therefore are inconvenient on smartphones.

The new data to be entered into the tables has no connection with either the main or short-term schedule, which leads to discrepancies, misunderstandings and serious errors. Universal digital services do not support drawings and BIM models (and soon BIM in Russia will be mandatory for government orders) – it is very important for builders to have a comprehensive view, not just a description and report, but also an indication of the location, as well as the presence of a photo or video of the resulting Problems. Only special digital solutions for builders can provide such functionality and maintain accurate digital documentation.

Read also: How to create a defect report using PlanRadar

Standardize systems and workflows

In every construction project, regardless of the type of project, 80% of all construction processes are always the same and have the same algorithms. So it makes sense for every project manager to standardize their systems and processes so that there are fewer errors. In a single system, project teams will always know what they need to do and how. Simply put, it will drastically reduce the amount of time spent communicating between the construction site and the office, and give project managers the peace of mind that everything is under control.

Reporting will be simple, transparent: it will be easier for all stakeholders to find the source of the error and take corrective action. Everyone will have the same type of reporting, this systematizes all the documentation and it will be easier to work with. Again, using the right tools is essential. Only digital solutions designed for the construction industry can support such functions in the long term.

According to Western research statistics, only 35% of foreign construction companies use programs to report on the progress of construction in real time. This once again shows that construction, even in the West, is the least digitized industry, and for it the use of digital solutions can be a giant step towards the optimization and efficiency of all processes and save time. Each construction project is a chain of tasks, responsibilities and several stakeholders. And the slightest delay in one task can lead to devastating consequences for the entire project.

That’s why daily construction progress reports must rely on digital building technology to collect all the data they need and generate reports automatically. In addition, a single standard system will ensure transparent cooperation and communication between different parties, and will provide all relevant data in real time.

Read also: Digital Building Optimization in 2022

Connect all project stakeholders using a single communication field

The effectiveness of the complex construction process is directly related to how quickly, without delay, the interaction of different responsible specialists takes place, how smoothly one type of work after another takes place – acceptances pass without complaints, and the quality of all work is controlled at all stages. Quick response to emerging problems and elimination of identified defects without unnecessary delays thanks to well-established real-time communication is the key to delivering the object on time and ensuring proper quality.

A dedicated mobile construction management and documentation solution is required to keep the entire project team productive.

1. PlanRadar fulfills all the main requirements for a construction digital tool for construction management
2. Scaled according to tasks
3. Has mobile apps
4. Simple intuitive user navigation, there are 9 hints0022
5. Doesn’t require embedding – login directly from a browser or app
6. Can work without internet connection
7. Works with BIM models (and apps on mobile devices)
8. Supports Russian
9. One account can invite an unlimited number of subcontractors
10. Access to the right information anywhere in the world – all data is stored securely in the cloud
11. Integrates with third party software and ERP systems
12. Flexible affordable tariff plans
13. 30 day free trial

PlanRadar provides an important task for the project manager: timely communication with each specialist and the entire team. Each of the project participants has the same up-to-date information, each created task is assigned to a specific responsible person, with priority and deadlines.

All tasks have color markers and their status can be viewed in the project information panel.

The system will notify the person affected by this task that its status has changed. The tasks themselves are linked to the drawing with the exact location.

In the task form, you can add any important evidence on the problem in the form of a photo, video, audio comment, leave text notes.

Actions noted by project participants for a specific task are securely recorded in the protocol, and you can always see the chronology of decisions and responsible persons.

In this way, seamless communication can be established between office workers and specialists on the construction site, saving time and optimizing processes with maximum efficiency.

Time to report on the progress of the project or keep a diary of an object, a journal of architectural supervision, any report with PlanRadar will be halved!

By creating the form you need and adding the fields you need for your project (or choosing a ready-made form template), you will get a simple digital form of reporting that you can fill out in a few clicks.

You don’t need to enter this form every time – add the “repeat” option and you will instantly have a digital format every day, without spending too much time on it.

Making the transition to digital is easier than you think! No need to install “heavy” programs with complex algorithms – try our program, which is easy to work with even on a smartphone!

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What is pre-construction? Activities, checklist and more

Published: 2022-08-23

Unless you’re in construction, you can assume projects start with bulldozers, front loaders, and cranes driving into a construction site. Although this equipment can be used, preliminary construction must be completed before you start laying the ground.

As the name suggests, pre-build is the pre-assembly phase and is critical to the success of a building project. As with everything in construction project management, there is a process, meetings, a checklist, and more. But first, let’s start with a definition.

What is the pre-construction stage?

The pre-construction phase in construction project management refers to the pre-planning and engineering services that a construction company performs prior to construction. The company starts by defining the project and identifying the risks. This phase also includes planning and scheduling the scope and cost estimate by analyzing the needs of the job.

Building preparation is important, but just as important are the right tools for scheduling, team building, and budgeting. ProjectManager is a construction project management software that helps you plan your construction so you can figure out if it’s worth going ahead. Our interactive Gantt chart helps you estimate costs, plan resources, and organize tasks on a timeline. You can filter the critical path and set a baseline for real-time project variance tracking to keep you informed. Get started with ProjectManager today for free.

Gantt charts ProjectManager helps you evaluate the schedule and budget of construction projects. Learn more

Why is pre-construction important?

The main reason for pre-building is to make sure you do your due diligence before you start building. Without pre-construction, you can lose money and people can get hurt. This step also helps convince your client that the project is feasible, but can have the opposite effect if the project is too expensive or otherwise not viable.

If the client and contractor agree to work, then the process begins. The builder starts by providing the client with a cost and schedule for the construction project. The pre-construction phase offers the construction team a clear description of their roles and responsibilities, as well as a plan for the work to be done. The client will find out what he needs to do and how much it will cost.

The price at this stage depends on the type of work, the location of the object and the scale of the project. However, as stated above, the client may complete the project before serious construction begins if he is not satisfied. While doing due diligence and then abandoning a project can be frustrating, it is far less costly than abandoning a project while it is in progress.

Preparatory work list

Although the pre-assembly step is abstract, it is still practical. You need real people to collaborate in real time to create the right estimates, projects, schedules, and budgets. The activities that make up the pre-construction phase may not be performed on site, but they require the same kind of teamwork that brings together a skilled team. The right software will link the various departments involved and allow it to run more smoothly. This process can be broken down into five main activities.

1. Model coordination

This refers to models created to show a smaller version of what will be built during the project. There is a significant difference between a model and a physical structure, so these models must be structurally sound. For this, many people need to cooperate, including contractors, merchants and designers. Naturally, it is easier and cheaper to make changes to the model than to the actual assembly, and this is one of the reasons why this is so important for pre-assembly.

2. Collecting material

While you are testing the model to make sure it works, the project evaluators are working on predicting what and how much materials the project will need. Each material to be used must be quantified and delivered, delivered and processed according to the project schedule.

3. Construction estimate

Simultaneously with the other two steps, the process of estimating the costs and prices associated with the project takes place. The results of the quantitative analysis will be part of the financial forecast, but it should also take into account labor costs, equipment sourcing, and rentals. This estimate will assist in the preparation of the final estimate of the construction project.

Related: Free Construction Estimate Template for Excel

4. Bidding Process

Now that you have estimates for the project, you will begin to determine who to partner with for the upcoming construction. This action is sometimes taken before the estimate is complete, but in any case, the bidding process is key to determining what your final budget and schedule will look like. Competing firms will submit their bids or tenders, evaluating their costs, and the general contractor will see what best suits his needs and financial commitments.

5. Pre-Construction Meetings

Pre-construction meetings are held for every construction project to help ensure that the project is properly designed with clear specifications and quality requirements. Pre-construction meetings help ensure that subcontractors are fully informed of construction plans to avoid costly rework during construction. This helps reduce cost overruns and delays.

In order to have an effective pre-construction meeting that communicates project needs without wasting time, an agenda must be set. The agenda sets out the main issues of the meeting and serves as a guide to keep the meeting on track.

The pre-construction meeting helps to make ends meet and should be open to questions. There may be a document that is missing, or participants will want to confirm what they think is correct on a particular topic.

Having documentation to review is important when holding a pre-construction meeting. You will need a project contract that outlines the responsibilities of each and the methods used to manage the project. Design is another important document such as renderings and blueprints. You will want to have a schedule handy in addition to the safety plan, site plan, quality plan, and communication plan.

Pre-construction results checklist

The pre-construction phase of the project is complex; you outline everything that is needed to run a construction project smoothly, which is already a carefully choreographed dance between people, equipment, and materials. We have collected the results of the pre-construction phase, which is planned by the customer, the design team and the construction partner.

Project scope

The scope of the project determines what you want to achieve as well as the space, schedule and finish requirements to achieve your project goals.

Project budget

The construction project budget is developed by the design and construction teams, who determine the costs associated with the construction project, including alternative solutions.

Project Description

Project Description are the design plans for the size, layout, nature, quality, construction materials and systems for the project, and any other significant details. This leads to the development of a construction plan that is broken down into milestones and a schedule.

Related: 8 Free Construction Templates for Excel

Project Team

The project team consists of subcontractors and other workers who will carry out the project plan. The general contractor will propose subcontractors who understand the project and have time in their schedule that matches the construction schedule.

Project Materials

When it comes to project materials, consider long lead times to ensure they are on hand when needed during a project. This means that you need to know what materials and equipment you need and how to get them on time. This is your procurement schedule, which is part of a larger project schedule.

Permits and Inspections

Licensed contractors do projects by the book, which means following code rules, pulling permits, and reviewing work for compliance. Pre-construction carefully evaluates the risks and what can be done to mitigate them, including assessing the construction site and understanding the requirements for permits and pre-start inspections.

Project Communication

Project communication is the key to a successful pre-construction phase through to project completion. This is done by creating a communication plan that is accessible and reliable to everyone involved in the construction project. The better the communication during pre-construction, the better the project.

ProjectManager helps with pre-construction

Rely on construction project management software such as ProjectManager to achieve all your pre-construction goals. Our software helps you estimate costs, subcontract and collaborate to keep everyone connected, no matter where or when they work.

Use multiple project views

Preparing for construction requires the coordination of various parties to ascertain the details needed to carry out a construction project, but not everyone uses the same tools. Our software allows you to choose a convenient tool, including our dynamic Gantt charts or sheet views. There are also kanban boards, list and calendar views for subcontractors who need to focus on their tasks. Whichever view you use, it updates in real time and acts as one of the sources of truth. This means that everyone always sees the same data in real time.

Stay connected with collaboration tools

Collaboration is critical. If you can’t tie together the various groups that need to come together for a successful project, you’ve failed before you even started. Our online software ensures that everyone can always work together, even if they are working from different sites. Comments can be posted to tasks that trigger email and in-app alerts. Anyone on the project can tag team members to engage them in the conversation. Plans and files are easily shared, and our tool has unlimited file storage that acts as a centralized hub for all design documents and drawings.

As soon as you move from preparation to construction, ProjectManager is already set up and ready to help you stay on schedule and on budget. Our real-time dashboard gives you a high-level overview of six project metrics – no configuration required. One-click customizable reports let you dive deeper into project data and can be shared to update your client. We even have workflow automation to streamline your processes with issue approval settings so that only authorized people can change the status of an issue. We are your one stop shop for all your building needs.

ProjectManager is award-winning construction project management software that connects you to your team to help you plan, monitor and report on the progress and performance of your work. Real-time data helps you make smarter decisions. Resource management tools enable teams to work to their full potential. Time sheet is secure and allows you to track the time of tasks. You can see why teams as diverse as NASA, Siemens and Nestle have chosen our software to be successful. Start working with ProjectManager for free today.

When to sue construction in arbitration and what issues need to be considered • arbitration

The question of whether to sue construction in arbitration depends on a number of factors that should be considered. . If these issues were honestly considered at the beginning construction dispute to be resolved by arbitration, they must lead to a reasonable conclusion as to whether construction claims should be brought before arbitration. Similar questions should also be asked to respondents in the event of a construction dispute.

Questions to consider include (1) questions about the nature of the claim to be arbitrated, (2) questions about the respondent, (3) questions about the legal basis of the claim, (4) questions about the facts, underlying the arbitration claim, (5) questions relating to witnesses for arbitration, (6) questions relating to experts for arbitration, (7) questions regarding the timing of the claim in arbitration, (8) questions about the impact of filing a claim in arbitration, (9) questions about the potential counterclaim of the defendant, (10) questions about the cost of building an arbitration, (11) questions about negotiations before and during arbitration, (12) issues related to the settlement of construction arbitration and (13) issues related to the enforcement of an arbitration award.

These questions are framed in terms of questions to be considered by the complainant.

1. Questions regarding the nature of the claim to be brought to arbitration

What is the nature of the claim event – is it a claim for payment for work performed, for variations, for damages for breach of contract or for extension of time and extension costs?

Is the claim an event within the risks borne by the other party under the applicable contract?

How much damage or loss is likely to be recoverable? To what extent can the claimed amount actually be reimbursed? Can respondents actually pay?

Regarding the outlook for the claim, what are the (1) pessimistic, (2) optimistic, and (3) likely outcomes?

What are the consequences if no claim is made?

Who are the persons who will be affected by the claim and, if so, how?

Can the potential negative effects of filing a claim be mitigated by other measures?

Does the amount of the claim justify the effort and expense involved in filing a claim?

Does the cost of arbitration exceed the amount claimed?? If so, then it may be pointless to arbitrate if the claim is not a matter of principle.

2. Questions regarding the defendant in the arbitration

Who is the party or parties who will be named as defendants in the claim?

What are the respondents’ vulnerabilities?

Can one or more respondents agree to settle the claim??

Will respondents have the resources and motivation to bear the cost of resisting a claim?

If respondents lack financial resources, should another entity become a party to the proceedings?

3. Questions regarding the legal basis of the claim submitted to arbitration

On what legal basis will the claim be made?

If the claim is based on an agreement between the parties, what specific clause is the claim based on? If the claim is based on a contract between the parties, are there other provisions in the contract that could change or undermine the particular clause on which it is based?

If the claim is based on an implied term, Under what conditions did the authorities previously allow such an implied term under current law?? Are these conditions satisfied with respect to a particular claim event?

If the claim is based on a legal right, have the conditions for exercising that legal right been met?

Was there any act or conduct by the claimant, or agent, that could undermine the validity of the claim?

Is the claim expired? If so, did the respondents take any steps, such as acknowledging the debt, would that act to prevent him from relying on the defense that the claim had expired?

Does the contract contain provisions for claim notification? What are these requirements and have they been met? Can these notice requirements act as conditions prior to the recovery of the amounts claimed? If there are aspects that were not met, are these failures fatal to the claim?

4. Questions about the facts underlying the arbitration claim

What are the facts about the claim event? How accurately are the facts recorded in the form of documentary evidence?

What facts are decisive for winning a lawsuit? Can they be convincingly proven, and if so, how convincingly?

What form of evidence should be used? What is the effort and cost involved in obtaining this proof of fact?

Are there facts that can be accepted by the other side?? What impact will they have on the strength of the claim?

Are there any actual confessions that must be obtained from the other party before the arbitration begins?? If so, how can this be done?

What facts can be established from contemporary records? How reliable are modern records?

Will the arbitral tribunal recognize all collected evidence?? Can evidence be admitted under applicable arbitration rules?

What facts can only be established from documents that may be in the possession of the opposing party?? What is the probability that such documents may be available in the production of documents? What objections are expected from the respondent regarding the preparation of these documents?

What evidence will the respondent need to defend or counterclaim?, and does the respondent have? How much time and cost will the respondent need to collect this evidence?

How does the quality of the defendant’s evidence compare with the quality of the evidence supporting the plaintiff’s claim?

5. Questions regarding witnesses for arbitration

What facts can be established only by witness testimony? Because eyewitness testimony is generally less conclusive than documentary evidence, how important is this evidence?

Who can serve as a witness? How many witnesses can be available at the time of the arbitration hearing??

How credible are the witnesses regarding the facts on which they will testify? Will they be perceived as selfish?

How well will the selected individuals perform as witnesses?

What are the costs of organizing their participation in the arbitration hearing? (transport, accommodation)?

If the witness does not live in the location of the arbitration hearing, will that witness be able to obtain a visa?? If not, is there another person who might be more suitable?

Whom can the other party call as witnesses?? Will their witnesses be credible?

What is the credibility of the witnesses on both sides??

6. Questions about Arbitration Experts

What questions are technical in nature and need to be established with the help of expert data?

What credentials and experience are needed to make these experts credible?

Does the expert need additional investigation or research to complete his expert opinion? How long will it take for this?

Which of the best candidates is available as an expert?? Will there be a conflict of interest with their appearance as experts?

What are the likely costs associated with obtaining expert evidence?? Will these costs be reimbursed if the claim is upheld?

What is the probative value of each expert’s evidence??

What effect will the expert opinion have on the other party’s case?

Who can act as experts for respondents?

How will the authority of experts on both sides be compared?

7. Consideration of the timing of the claim in arbitration

Will filing a claim affect the performance of the work?, or is the project over?

When should an arbitration claim be filed? Should this precede efforts for informal consultations and negotiations or mediation?

Are there other dispute resolution mechanisms required prior to arbitration, such as adjudication, by contract? If a decision is required, will the outcome of the judgment affect the prospects for the same claim to be adjudicated in arbitration? Can a judgment be avoided?

How does the claim period relate to the limitation period?

Will the timing of the claim affect the evidence collected?

What is the current state of the respondent’s finances?? Will the respondent’s finances improve over time, or is the respondent at risk of becoming insolvent in the near future?

How will timing affect earlier and future claims?

Is there any advantage to waiting to file a claim later?

8. Considering the impact of filing a claim with arbitration on other matters

Will filing a claim affect the prospects for future work with the respondent? How likely is the future work?

Can the defendant’s representatives respond to a claim by being uncooperative or less kind? Will a claim, while the project is ongoing, result in the architect or engineer refusing to certify completion? Will this result in a holding fund??

Will a claim result in the other party filing a claim to call for performance? Can this risk be reduced?

Will filing a claim terminate negotiations? Is there a real possibility of resolving the dispute through negotiations?

Will the claim affect subcontractors, suppliers and other third parties? Will the claim result in third parties bringing their claims against the plaintiff? Will this lead to them also suing the defendant??

Will the arbitration claim be confidential? If not, will the news regarding the lawsuit diminish the prospects for other work?

Will the claim affect the working relationship between the claimant and others working on other projects run by the claimant?

What are the consequences if the request fails? Are there steps that can be taken to minimize this impact?

9. Questions regarding the defendant’s possible counterclaims

What is the likelihood that the filing of a claim by the arbitral tribunal will induce the other party to initiate counterclaims? If a counterclaim is initiated, what is the legal basis for that counterclaim?

What are the prospects for counterclaims following? What facts or legal rules will be critical to the success of counterclaims?

What are the possible defenses against a counterclaim?

If the counterclaim is successful, can the amount awarded for the counterclaim exceed the amount awarded in the claim?

Will the counterclaim be dismissed if the claim is ultimately withdrawn?

10. Consideration of the cost of construction of the Arbitration

How much time and effort will it take to get a claim to the stage where it is ready for arbitration?

What is the cost of collecting all the evidence, analyzing the merits of the case and formulating a claim?

How much administrative time will an arbitration claim require? Who will participate and support the arbitration?

Can the necessary persons to support the arbitration be released? How long can they be released? Can someone else be appointed to act as the person who will support the arbitration?

What will be the cost of arbitration if successful? Since legal fees are typically the largest cost element of any building arbitration, what are the fees offered by lawyers and are there equally qualified lawyers who could handle this in a more cost effective way?

11. Questions regarding negotiations before and during arbitration

How willing is the other party to negotiate? Are there any reasons why the other side might prefer a negotiated settlement?

Are there any reasons not to negotiate? Are there any risks associated with negotiations?

What might the other side look for in a negotiation? Is the position of the other side acceptable?

Are there safeguards in place to ensure that the other party does not attempt to conduct a fishing expedition? using the pretext of negotiation to discover the underlying strategy of the claims, obtain documentation, or verify the claimant’s decision?

Will the start of negotiations be misinterpreted as suggesting that the claimant is in a weak position?

What qualities and experience are required for a negotiator? What personal interests will he have in resolving the issue or undermining the negotiations?

Who is the best person from the applicant to lead this effort? Should a lawyer be assigned to negotiate, or should the plaintiff negotiate?

What is the likely negotiating approach of the appointed representative of the other party?? What position can he take?

What is the negotiator’s scope of authority for the respondent?? Does he have the right to order the defendant to settle or will additional approvals be required?

How should the negotiation team be informed and by whom? What resources will they need?

Are external consultants needed to train the negotiation team?

What range of negotiation proposals should be seriously considered, taking into account the costs and consequences of arbitration.

What period of time should be allowed to try to resolve the issue through negotiations?

What are the consequences if negotiations fail?

Will continued negotiations undermine the claim? In particular, will the Negotiations delay the issuance of a final arbitral award? If so, will the respondent’s ability to pay remuneration decrease over time?

In addition to the designated representative, is there anyone else who can influence the respondent to agree to the outcome of the negotiations?? Should there be a separate approach to him or her?

Where should negotiations take place? What effect does the choice of venue have on the atmosphere of negotiations?

How should the negotiating agenda be structured??

Negotiations will be conducted on a “no prejudice” basis?

Is it useful to have a formal intermediary to structure the process?

Should issues be resolved in terms of a global offering, or is it more beneficial to run each release separately?

What should be the starting point of negotiations?? Should it start with general principles, or should it start with issues that are less contentious?

Should the issue of liability be discussed separately from? Will it reduce contentious issues?

Can liability charges be avoided to facilitate settlement?

Should facts and positions be allowed to be recorded?

Under what circumstances should a claimant make a “first offer”?

How to make a “first offer” to encourage the other side to negotiate a settlement?

What benefits or risks will the proposal present?

How should counter-offers offered by the other party be evaluated?? Who should be involved in their evaluation?

How should responses to counteroffers be formulated?

When should the negotiating team stop negotiations and leave without a settlement?

12. Construction Arbitration Issues

Who is authorized to approve settlement terms if the negotiating groups agree to the settlement terms?

How to draw up a settlement agreement?? Should it be done on the same day as the negotiations are over??

Who should draw up the settlement agreement, the plaintiff or the defendant?

13. Enforcement Issues

In case of involuntary compliance, what assets of the respondent can be directed?

Which attorney at the location of the defendant’s property should be used to enforce the award?

If enforcement is not possible because the defendant has dissolved its assets, can there be secondary action against shareholders or directors of the defendant at the place of execution?

* * * * *

If these matters are honestly considered, at the start of the arbitration, then there will be a high probability that only laudable claims should be made, be made.

• William Kirtley, Aseris Low LLC

Types of tests: what are tests

All students from school are faced with various forms of knowledge testing. And in this list, control is the most common and effective way.

Let’s figure out what test papers are, what they are for, how to prepare and write them for five.

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Types of examinations

Examination is, as the name implies, a method of controlling the knowledge of schoolchildren and students. It allows the teacher to evaluate how much students have learned the material, which topics should be tightened up and whether it is possible to move on.

There are several types of tests, each with its own purpose.

Preliminary control

It is held at the beginning of the academic year, quarter or semester to check the level of knowledge and skills necessary to learn new material. Based on the results of this type of control classes, teachers plan the further educational process.

Current control

The goal is to evaluate the results at a particular moment of training. This type of control helps to understand what problems students face and adjust the program if necessary.

Periodic control

A type of control in which knowledge is assessed after a certain topic, at the end of a quarter, half year or semester at a university.

Final control

The most important type of verification work. This is an objective assessment of knowledge for the entire period or academic year, which shows the progress of students and whether the learning plan is being met.

If the results of the final examination are negative, the student may face a retake or expulsion from the university.

By the way! For our readers, there is now a 10% discount on any kind of work .

Types of tests

There are not only different types of tests, but also types of tests:

1. Theoretical test.
2. Control testing.
3. Practical tasks.
4. Cases.
5. Combined control type.

Theoretical test

This test involves checking the theoretical knowledge of students. Conducted orally or in writing and in the form of questions that require detailed answers. Most often, theoretical assignments are given at philological, philosophical and other humanitarian faculties.

Control testing

This is a kind of knowledge test in the form of a test with multiple answers or a choice between “yes-no”. Sometimes questions require a short answer, which must be entered on the line. Testing is used to cut the general level of knowledge in schools, colleges and many departments.

Practical test

What are the tests for testing practical skills? As a rule, these are:

• solving problems and exercises;
• conducting controlled experiments in laboratory conditions;
• execution of drawings;
• creation of plans according to given parameters;
• passing physical standards.

They are used in science, engineering, mathematics, construction and sports faculties.

Cases

This is a special form of knowledge control, during which students individually or in a group look for a solution to a particular situation. The result of this type of control work is a presentation or a whole project. Cases are often used in faculties of human resource management, management and international relations.

Combined type

As the name implies, this form can combine different types of tasks. This helps teachers to expand the ability to test the knowledge and abilities of pupils and students.

No matter what kind of control tasks you face, they will always be limited in time. Therefore, not only knowledge is important here, but also speed!

How to prepare for the test

You already know what tests are. And now keep useful tips that will help you prepare for the test work and study perfectly.

Review material as you study

Learning everything on the last night is unrealistic. It is much more efficient to do homework and review what you have learned during a quarter or a semester. This approach will help you quickly prepare for the test and not forget anything in the process.

Remember the design

Unlike school, college or university tests require a special structure and design. Prepare the title page, references, and supplementary material ahead of time so you have more time to complete it.

Find out the evaluation criteria

Knowledge is power. Moreover, it is important not only to know the material, but also to understand how the work will be evaluated. Check with the teacher all the criteria for evaluating the control and pay attention to this when solving problems.

Don’t worry!

Test anxiety is your main enemy. Deep breathing and self-confidence will help to cope with it and improve concentration.

And if you need help writing a test, contact the student service.

checklist – phrases

9

9

Alexander Demidov )

Subject area	English	Russian	A set of questions to be answered by the person performing the checklist	acceptance checklist for dry ice	acceptance checklist for dry ice (carbon dioxide, solid)
avia.	Aircraft security checklist	Aircraft security checklist	aircraft takeoff inspection checklist	list of aircraft takeoff inspection operations before takeoff
gen.	as per checklist	according to inventory ( Alexander Demidov )
gen. audit.	Audit Checklist	Audit Checklist	audit completion checklist	audit completion checklist for statement Vetrenitsa )
psychiat. avia.	Availability of checklists /forms on the status of employees and visitors health	Availability of checklists of questionnaires on the health status of employees and visitors ( Uchevatkina_Tina )
astronaut.	backup modes checklist	backup modes book
O&G. tech.	Bid Submission Checklist	verification list of tender documentation ( Dzhem )
mil.	briefing checklist	briefing list (e.g. pre-flight)
Gruzovik	checklist	action list
gen.	checklist	task list ( driven )
gen.	checklist	list
tech.	checklist	checklist
tech.	checklist	checklist
tech.	checklist	technical control list avia.	checklist	checklist	checklist	checklist (maintenance)	checklist	map control (ex.	checklist	checklist ( Christine_A )
shipb.	checklist	ship’s checklist (studfiles.net tha7rgk )
avia.	checklist	checklist (by flight crew)
gen.	checklist	driven
gen. The following is a checklist of principles you should bear in mind in order to become a good and persuasive advocate. LE Alexander Demidov )
tech.	checklist
tech.	checklist	checklist
adv.	checklist	checklist
busin.	checklist	checklist
construct. construct.	checklist	standard checklist of delivery set (equipment, materials)
account.	checklist	checklist
O&G, sakh.	checklist	checklist
ed.	checklist	checklist
auto.		checklist
progr.	checklist	checklist ( ssn )
industr.	checklist	list of questions ( igisheva )
automat.	checklist	comparison card (technical data)
telecom.	checklist serz )
IT	checklist	checklist
O&G. tech.	checklist	checklist
O&G, sakh.	checklist	leaflet
corp.gov.	checklist	form ( igisheva )
O&G	checklist	checklist
corp.gov.	checklist	form	checklist	checklist	checklist	checklist
astronaut.		checklist	checklist	checklist
aeron.	checklist	checklist
avia., med.	checklist	psychological questionnaire	checklist	checklist adv.	checklist	checklist
adv.	checklist	quick note
adv.	checklist	questionnaire
tech.	checklist	checklist
gen.	checklist	check yourself (e.g. at the end of the tax return 4uzhoj )
progr. progr.	checklist -based testing	checklists criteria according to which the software product is verified ssn )
polygr.	checklist classification	document department classification system	checklist complete	a pilot’s callout	checklist completed	map completed (e. g. landing checklist completed	checklist for value types	checklist information	formalized information ( Alexander Demidov )
progr.	checklist of common errors1678	checklist of the work	list of performed roles
Gruzovik, traf.	checklist of traffic due to be received	part of a schedule of timed operational traffic
disast.	checklist test	checklist test1677 Georgy Moiseenko )
progr.	checklists	checklists
	checklists	use of checklists ( ssn )
progr.	checklists , i.e. lists of the sort of things that need analysis	lists of object types to be analyzed (see IEC 61508-7:2010 ssn )
clin.trial.	Child Behavior Checklist	child behavior sheet
clin.trial. Psychol.	Children’s Communication Checklist , CCC	avia.	coded checklist	complete the checklist	0324	configuration checklist	configuration checklist ( yo )
O&G, casp.	contractor documentation deliverables checklist	list of documents provided by the contractor ( Yeldar Azanbayev )
auto.	Crane Pre-Use Checklist	Crane Pre-Use Checklist ( Penguine0001 )
astronaut.	Critical Launch Readiness Checklist	launch readiness control if a failure is detected, the check is carried out again in full.1681 checklist	daily checklist ( Yeldar Azanbayev )
mil.	data checklist	data checklist
mil.	debriefing checklist	debriefing
O&G, sahk.s.	decision making checklist
avia. avia.	descent checklist	descent checklist
qual.cont.	design review checklist	design review checklist
mil.	detailed checklist	detailed checklist
progr.	device configuration checklist	device configuration checklist ( ssn )
gen.	diagnostic assessment checklist	diagnostic card ( Tamerlane )
clin.trial.	DILI Checklist	drug-induced liver injury checklist	disaster prevention checklist	disaster prevention checklist (Questionnaire used to assess disaster prevention measures in areas such as general safety, software, data files, computers and personnel Systems	electronic control card ( miss_cum )
astronaut.	electronic cuff checklist	portable display with memory
clin.trial.	eligibility checklist	eligibility checklist
O&G	emergency action checklist	employee checklist ( Metran )
gen.	employment exit checklist	checklist VLZ_58
fire.	engine fire checklist	engine fire list	engine prestart checklist checklist		external load checklist	external suspension check ( Leonid Dzhepko )
tech.	field core checklist	field core description form
econ.	financial statement disclosure checklist	financial statement disclosure control sheet
account.	financial statements disclosure checklist	account.	financial statements disclosure checklist	financial statement disclosure checklist (used at the final stage of the audit to recheck and clarify all reports before they are disclosed)
avia.	fire checklist	fire checklist avia.	flight checklist	in-flight checklist
O&G, tengiz.	Functional Review Checklist	functional checklist ( Yeldar Azanbayev )
social.	gender checklist	gender checklist
O&G, karach.	GGTN compliance checklist for wells	0333
proj.manag.	go down a checklist		hardware failure checklist	hardware failure checklist
meas.inst	hardware fault checklist	hardware fault checklist ( Leonid Dzhepko )
gen. avia.	human engineering checklist	ergonomic questionnaire
qual.cont.	human-engineering checklist	engineering psychology checklist (considered in product development)
avia.	human engineering checklist	engineering psychological questionnaire
surg.	Implementation manual surgical safety checklist	Safety checklist
O&G, casp.	instrumentation construction checklist	instrumentation installation checklist ( Yeldar Azanbayev )
mil.	intelligence checklist	checklist
O&G, casp.	Job Skills Qualification Checklist	pass ( Yeldar Azanbayev )
O&G, casp.	Job Skills Qualification Checklist	Checklist	Job Skills Qualification Checklist	credits ( Yeldar Azanbayev )
O&G, casp.	Job Skills Qualification Checklist	Questionnaire ( Yeldar Azanbayev )
avia. avia.	landing checklist	landing checklist
astronaut.	launch complex checklist	launch complex0324
industr.	maintenance checklist	maintenance algorithm
industr.	maintenance checklist	maintenance schedule ( igisheva )
industr.	maintenance checklist	maintenance procedure ( igisheva )
avia.	MM inspection Checklist for Applicability	PTO Restrictions Maintenance Form (Refer to… Falcon-1 )
O&G, casp.	MoC closeout checklist	checklist for closure of the CIS	month-end checklist	month-end checklist
gen.	observation checklist	observation list	off-nominal situations checklist	emergency situations book
	onboard checklist	onboard manual
O&G Karach.	open trench excavation and preparation of underground services checklist	checklist for open trench excavation and preparation for underground services
progr.	person performing the checklist	person performing the checklist ( ssn )
med.	Physician Withdrawal 9avia.	physiological checklist	physiological checklist
gen. avia.	pocket checklist	pocket checklist
progr.	post-implementation checklist	post-implementation checklist
ed.	pre-arrival checklist	pre-arrival checklist ( Vera3333 )
O&G, casp.	pre-concrete inspection checklist	pre-concrete inspection form ( Yeldar Azanbayev )
tech.	pre-start checklist	pre-start checklist	pre-takeoff checklist	pre-takeoff checklist
tech.	pre-use checklist	pre-use checklist	pre-use vehicle daily inspection checklist	pre-use vehicle daily inspection checklist	preconcrete inspection checklist 9avia.	preflight checklist	pre-flight checklist
mil. avia.	pretakeoff checklist	pre-takeoff checklist
O&G, karach.	pretest checklist	pretest
mil.	preventive maintenance daily inspection checklist	preventive maintenance daily inspection
O&G. tech.	problem checklist	checklist
tech.	problem checklist	fault list
	process monitoring checklist	technical control list	process monitoring checklist	process control card ( igisheva )
industr.	process monitoring checklist	checklist of technical control operations ( igisheva )
med.	Psychopathy Checklist	list of psychopathic traits ( Dimpassy )
tech.	quality assurance checklist	quality assurance checklist
mil.	quality assurance checklist	quality assurance checklist
energ.ind.	quality assurance checklist	quality assurance checklist
mil.	quality checklist	quality checklist
gen.	Quality checklist	checklist for checking the quality of implementation	receipt inspection checklist	receipt inspection list
energ.ind.	receipt inspection checklist	acceptance checklist
corp.gov.	recruitment checklist	recruitment form ( igisheva )
corp. gov.	recruitment checklist	igisheva
corp.gov.	recruitment checklist	recruitment form ( igisheva )
corp.gov.	recruitment checklist	application form ( igisheva )
corp.gov.	recruitment checklist	new employee questionnaire ( igisheva )
corp.gov.	recruitment checklist	flow chart for safety analysis during nuclear fuel reloading at nuclear power plants
R&D.	requirements verification checklist	requirements verification card ( Metran )
automat.	safety checklist	safety instructions
construct.	safety checklist	safety checklist (for specific construction work)
EBRD	Safety Checklist Contractors.	contractor certification system ( Alexander Oshis )
construct.	safety checklist for form drawings	0324
el.	scram prevention evaluation checklist	checklist
energ.ind.	scram prevention evaluation checklist
comp., MS	security checklists	security checklists (microsoft. com bojana )
mil.	security requirements checklist	security checklist
nautic.	ship/shore safety checklist	Maxim Prokofiev
logist.	site checklist	location requirements
gen.	skills matrices checklist	list of skill matrices ( Andy )
tech.	spares receiving checklist	spares receiving checklist
mil.	spares receiving checklist	checklist of received spare parts
energ.ind.	spares receiving checklist	spare parts checklist
qual. cont.	specification checklist	specification
O&G, casp.	start-work checklist	checklist before starting work ( Yeldar Azanbayev )
scient.	submission checklist	document. Some journals insist that the author prepare all manuscript for submission of the article for consideration according to the journal standards. Usually on checklists prescribe a list of necessary information and data that the author must send to the editor along with the article. Natalya Rovina )
gen.	subscriber checklist	subscriber profile	supply checklist	supply checklist ( lalqua )
surg.	surgical safety checklist	surgical safety checklist (who. int)
med.	surgical safety checklist	surgical safety checklist trial.	Symptoms checklist for Adverse Drug Reactions	Symptoms Checklist for Adverse Drug Reactions ( Saadatic )
tech.	system preoperability checklist	pre-operation checklist
energ.ind.	system preoperability checklist	system preoperability checklist
gen.	termination checklist	bypass sheet ( fluent )
scient.	this checklist was developed by N.	this checklist was developed by N.
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